Bhumiya Devta: The Guardian Deity of Uttarakhand

Uttarakhand, a region renowned for its rich cultural and spiritual heritage, is home to a diverse pantheon of deities. Among them is Bhumiya Devta, a revered figure embodying the essence of land and agriculture. Often associated with the term “33 Koti deities,” which can be translated as either 33 crore or 33 types of deities, Bhumiya Devta holds a prominent place in local worship practices. Here’s a closer look at this fascinating deity and the significance of his worship in Uttarakhand.

The Mystique of 33 Koti Deities

In the spiritual lexicon of Uttarakhand, the term “33 Koti” is often used to describe the multitude of deities believed to reside in the region. There’s some debate about whether this term actually refers to 33 crore deities or 33 types. According to traditional interpretations, these include 8 Vasus, 11 Rudras, 12 Adityas, 1 Indra, and 1 Prajapati. The word “Koti” may have evolved from “Karma,” leading to the widespread belief in 33 crore deities. Among these, Bhumiya Devta is a prominent figure, known for his role as the guardian of the land.

Who is Bhumiya Devta?

Bhumiya Devta, also known as Jimdar, Bhumiya, or Kshetrapal, is venerated as the deity of land and protector of villages. He is honored as a guardian of agriculture, animals, and the natural environment. His worship is widespread across Uttarakhand, with different regions having their unique names and practices.

In Pauri Garhwal, Bhumiya Devta is called Kandoliya Devta, while in Masi Chaukhutia, he is referred to as Baba. In Jageshwar, he is known as Jhakar Sam. These various names reflect the regional diversity in the worship of this deity.

Legends and Temples of Bhumiya Devta

One of the notable temples dedicated to Bhumiya Devta is located in Almora, Uttarakhand. According to local legend, during the 16th century, a significant increase in the influence of tantriks (ritualistic practitioners) led to the appearance of a divine light on the banks of the Masi River. This event prompted the construction of a temple dedicated to Bhumiya Devta, who was believed to protect people from the negative effects of tantrik practices.

The Bhumiya Devta Temple in Masi is particularly famous for its tradition of Nau Chadhana, where local farmers offer ears of their newly harvested crops and dishes made from them. This ritual is an integral part of the temple’s activities and symbolizes gratitude for a bountiful harvest.

In addition to Masi, Bhumiya Devta’s temples are found in almost every village in Uttarakhand. These temples are considered sacred and serve as a central point for community worship and agricultural rituals.

Worship Practices and Rituals

Bhumiya Devta is often worshipped in the form of a natural linga (an abstract representation of the deity). Various rituals, including Jagars (devotional songs and dances), are performed to honor him. The prasad (sacred food) offered in these temples is traditionally prepared by local halwai (sweet makers) and distributed among devotees.

The temples dedicated to Bhumiya Devta also often feature other deities. For instance, in some temples, you will find shrines dedicated to Mata (the Goddess), Ganesh, Shiv, Shani Dev, Bajrangbali, Radha Krishna, and others. This multi-deity arrangement reflects the inclusivity of Bhumiya Devta’s worship.

Bhumiya Devta’s Influence Beyond Uttarakhand

Beyond the mountainous regions, Bhumiya Devta is also revered in the Terai region by the Tharu and Buksa tribes. Among the Tharu, he is known as Bhumiya, while the Buksa refer to him as Bhumsen. In these communities, Bhumiya Devta’s temple is often established on a high platform under a Peepal or Neem tree. The head of the village performs daily worship and offers gifts to the deity during festivals and crop cycles.

In the Terai, Bhumiya and Bhumsen are considered protectors of agriculture and land. They are associated with regional Siddha Purushas (holy men) and are featured prominently in local folklore.

The Legacy of Bhumiya Devta

In many parts of Uttarakhand, villages are named after Bhumiya Devta, reflecting his deep-rooted significance in the local culture. Some regions maintain a tradition of offering animal sacrifices after harvesting the Rabi crop, while others revere him as a protector against various disasters.

Bhumiya Devta’s worship is a testament to the enduring connection between the people of Uttarakhand and their land. His temples serve not only as places of worship but also as community centers where agricultural and environmental stewardship are celebrated and upheld.

In conclusion, Bhumiya Devta is a central figure in the spiritual and cultural landscape of Uttarakhand. His worship reflects a deep-seated respect for the land and its resources, and his various forms and names across regions highlight the rich diversity of practices associated with this revered deity. Whether in the mountains or the Terai, Bhumiya Devta continues to be a guardian and protector, embodying the enduring bond between the people and their land.